ANTIMICROBIAL RESISTANCE IN HEALTHCARE SYSTEMS: GLOBAL TRENDS, CHALLENGES, AND POLICY RESPONSES

Abstract

Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) has emerged as one of the most pressing global health challenges, threatening the effectiveness of current treatment options and increasing the burden on healthcare systems. This paper examines worldwide AMR trends, focusing on its rapid escalation in both developed and developing countries, and explores the associated clinical, economic, and social challenges. Data synthesized from global surveillance reports, meta-analyses, and policy documents highlight rising resistance in key pathogens such as Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Staphylococcus aureus, and Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Healthcare systems are particularly vulnerable due to overprescription of antibiotics, lack of diagnostic stewardship, and weak infection-prevention infrastructures. Policy responses, including antimicrobial stewardship programs, investment in novel therapeutics, international collaborations, and improved surveillance frameworks, are critically assessed. The study concludes that while progress has been made through initiatives such as the Global Antimicrobial Resistance Surveillance System (GLASS) and national action plans, a lack of sustainable funding, inequities in healthcare delivery, and limited pharmaceutical innovation remain significant barriers. Effective AMR mitigation requires a multi-sectoral approach integrating healthcare, agriculture, and policy frameworks at both national and international levels..